Thursday, December 19, 2024

Career Profile: From Science Research to Science Education

The AAS Committee on the Status of Women in Astronomy has compiled dozens of interviews highlighting the diversity of career trajectories available to astronomers, planetary scientists, etc. The interviews share advice and lessons learned from individuals on those paths.

headshot of Mallory Conlon
Below is our interview with Mallory Conlon, the Outreach Astronomer at Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin. She earned her M.S. in astronomy at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and has been engaged in science education and outreach for most of her career. She describes her current position as a collaboration of science education, astronomy, public outreach, and event management.

What were the most important factors that led you to leave astronomy and/or academia? There were several factors - both internal and external - that led me to leave astronomy, and then eventually to leave academia. First, my reasons for leaving astronomy: My first semester as a graduate student was incredibly difficult. I was overwhelmed by my teaching duties, a too-high course load, and starting a new research project with a less-than-supportive advisor. I didn’t, at that time, feel comfortable setting boundaries or positively advocating for myself (in fact, I’m better but still struggle with that today). I found myself not enjoying the field anymore and wanting to finish my degree as quickly as possible. One positive of this time period is that I discovered how much I loved teaching and sharing science with others, as opposed to doing traditional research. My interests and skills were better aligned with the field of science education than astronomy, and I wanted to pursue that career path. I was incredibly lucky that the astronomy department I was in supported this exploration - this is not always the case. They agreed to me having an external advisor for my Master’s research (which focused on astronomy education). They also provided me with a teaching assistantship position focused on educational media design for an ASTRO 100 course, which ultimately led to my first job in instructional design after graduating. I can’t overstate how crucial that support was in transitioning from traditional science to science education. After graduating, I stayed in academia working in educational consulting for almost 7 years before deciding to return to science outreach and education as a career. Though my immediate colleagues were fantastic to work with, I was quickly reminded how toxic certain people in academia can be toward women in STEM and those without PhDs. These stories are for another day…but after an unpleasant start, I felt limited support and very little desire from others to work toward systemic change that would improve the work environment or change the culture. Hence, my reason for leaving academia after almost 10 years: the bureaucracy of R1 academia moved too slowly and was too resistant to changes that would support people like me (e.g., non-faculty, non-PhD, education-focused, women). I needed to work in a place that was willing to grow and change, and the idea of joining what was essentially a start-up non-profit where I could help shape the work environment was incredibly appealing. It also offered a return to astronomy that filled me with so much excitement. It’s not without its challenges, but the flexibility and willingness to grow and change offered by Yerkes is something I never quite found in
Yerkes' telescopes at night
Yerkes at night, during a lunar eclipse in 2022.
Photo Credit Brian Finch,

academia. If you have made a career change, what was your age at the time? I’ve made two career changes. One was when I was 23 years old, and I transitioned almost completely away from science and astronomy and into general curriculum development and higher education consulting. During this time period, I did some consulting work for a publishing company focused on generating astronomy content for K-12 learners, but in general did not do any science education or outreach work until I transitioned into (or back into) science education and outreach at age 29. What have been particularly valuable skills for your current job that you gained through completing your degree? The skills from my astronomy degrees that have been especially valuable at my current job are: problem solving, time management, comfort using technology, setting up and using small telescopes, and writing and presenting about complex science concepts. Of course, as an astronomy educator, the astronomy content I learned is also incredibly valuable. Describe a typical day at work. One of my favorite things about my job is that there isn’t really a typical day. Some days I’m welcoming school groups for tours of the observatory, some days I’m working with interns on their
school children conduct an activity
Mallory and students conduct an experiment
with lasers in 2021. Photo credit: Ebony Cox /
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel



research presentations, some days I’m preparing to host an open house or other large scale event for the public. There’s also a lot of writing (emails, proposals, reports), coordinating, and planning that happens behind the scenes. How many hours do you work in a week? It depends on the week! Typically it is 35-40 hours, but there are occasional weeks with many events that end up closer to 50-60 hours. How family-friendly is your current position? The leadership at Yerkes are incredibly supportive and accommodating of the needs of people with families or other caretaking responsibilities. They provide very flexible work-from-home options so you can go to doctor appointments or on field trips without using vacation or sick days; no questions asked when you have to bring your child into work during holiday breaks or other random situations that come up when you are a parent; and just in general are supportive of the idea that work doesn’t always have to come first in a person’s life in order for great work to be done. What advice do you have for achieving work-life balance (including having a family)? Some workplaces are more open than others to providing options that improve work-life balance, and it comes from a place of privilege to be able to put up boundaries that protect your time. I’m incredibly lucky that I’m in a position where work-life balance is an option, and where I, for example, can turn down job offers that won’t provide me with the work-life balance I need. With that said, I’ll speak from my experience of navigating work-life balance in academic and academic-adjacent positions.
group photo of Yerkes staff
Yerkes staff, summer interns, and mentors (2024).

In general, I’ve found that roles within or adjacent to academia are surprisingly flexible, with two caveats. First, you have to ask. Seriously, just ask. Some jobs offer hybrid work options up front, but this isn’t quite the norm (yet). Any time I am negotiating a job offer, especially since having my son, I always inform them up front that I need flexible work hours and a set number of days I work from home. If they aren’t open to negotiation, then I move on (however hard that may be). Second, having work-life balance may lead to your career moving more slowly than those who value work more than their personal lives. Unfortunately, excessive work is still a virtue in the U.S., and while you may not be actively punished, you will not be rewarded for setting boundaries around how you work. This is something I’ve had to accept, which has not been impossible to navigate because I have a supportive partner and extended family. Ultimately, no one will protect your time but you. It's up to you to know what aspects of life are important to you and what you are willing to compromise, and then set those boundaries accordingly based on your needs, even if it means less money or rewards over time. What do you do for fun (e.g., hobbies, pastimes, etc.)? I have a 5-year-old son, and I love to spend time with him and my husband exploring our state and traveling. I enjoy running and ran my first half-marathon this year in Disney World, and I’m currently training for the Door County Fall 50 relay at the end of October. I also spend a lot of my free time volunteering as a foster and social media coordinator for Fetch Wisconsin Rescue, a local dog rescue non-profit based out of Madison, WI. Can we include your email address for people who may want to contact you directly about your specific career route? Yes! It is mconlon_at_yerkesobservatory.org
(replace the _at_ with @).

Tuesday, December 17, 2024

Explore Employment Committee Resources and Workshops

By Chelsea Sharon and Amit Vishwas on behalf of the Employment Committee


In the lead up to the AAS January meeting, the Committee on Employment invites you to explore some of the resources we provide to the AAS community, both at the meeting and throughout the year! We're excited to bring you a wealth of online resources and upcoming events designed to support your career journey. Whether you're seeking guidance on job searches, professional development, or networking opportunities, we have plenty to explore.

While you might be familiar with the Job Register, the AAS Careers page hosts information on a variety of employment topics for all career stages. For our undergraduate members, there is a long list of summer research opportunities to explore. Or if you find yourself frequently fielding questions from high school students interested in astronomy careers, we have recently updated a detailed description of the skills, educational background, and career path options that you can pass along to prospective young astronomers. The Career Resources page has useful compilations of advice, such as
Pinwheel showing astronomy-powered careers
Astronomy-powered careers.
Image Credit: AAS Committee on Employment
networking
and job hunting in general. If you are serving on the hiring side of employment, we also have resources on best practices in equitable hiring with references. If you’re considering careers outside of academia, but aren’t sure where to start, we have an extensive archive of Panel Discussions on the AAS YouTube channel, as well written profiles on astronomy-powered careers

If you can’t find what you’re looking for, please reach out to anyone on the Employment Committee, and we’ll see what we can do to help! We are always open to suggestions about new resources we can provide the community, and we aim to support all types of careers paths in astronomy and beyond. 

For those attending the Winter Meeting in National Harbor, the Employment Committee is putting on two workshops that you could benefit from:
  • "How To Give Great Presentations: A Scientist’s Guide to Effective Communication” on Saturday January 11th from 9am to 5pm. If you’re nervous about giving your first talk at an AAS meeting, this workshop would be particularly timely for you! 
  • "Effective Project Management for Everyone: How to Get Things Done” on Sunday January 12th from 8am until noon. This workshop will cover many of the tools and best practices for project management that astronomers can adopt from our friends in industry! So if you are  struggling to juggle multiple projects, are applying to faculty positions and want to have skills in place to manage your group, or are thinking about transitioning to industry and want to learn some useful skills for outside academia, this workshop is for you! 

And don’t forget about the Beyond Academe career panel and roundtable discussion groups during the meeting on Tuesday the 14th at 2pm and 3:30pm, respectively! We have a diverse line up of panelists, including folks from the world of philanthropy, science communication, aerospace, and data science. The more personal and informal roundtable discussions after the panel are a great avenue to network and explore ideas for professional growth. The roundtables also include people from traditional academic roles and at different types of institutions, such as folks working at observatories, primarily undergraduate institutions, nonprofits, and public outreach institutions, so there is something for everyone.

In addition to these workshops and roundtables, there is a whole host of other pre-meeting workshops you can sign up for. Topics include data science skills, specific telescope tools, proposal writing, classroom teaching, and more! If you didn’t sign up for a workshop when you first registered, you can still add one. 
  • Follow the meeting registration link, log in, scroll all the way down to the workshops, and click on the “Add” button to add them to your shopping cart. 
  • Proceed to checkout, enter the payment information and submit. You will see the confirmation page and receive an email when registered.

We encourage you to explore the Employment Committee resources at the AAS meeting if you are attending, and online if you are not. Let's connect, learn, and grow together! You can find the contact information of the Employment Committee on the AAS website here.

Thursday, December 12, 2024

Space for Students - Part 3

In our popular Career Profile series, the AAS Committee on the Status of Women in Astronomy has compiled dozens of interviews highlighting the diversity of career trajectories available to astronomers, planetary scientists, and those in related fields.

In a twist on this series, we video-interviewed students in astronomy and astrophysics to highlight their personal and academic career paths. The purpose of this series is three-fold. It aims not only to give a voice and exposure to those who are up and coming in the field but also to give feedback to the Astronomical community at large about the experiences of students who identify as women. The hope is that these interviews will not only share advice and lessons learned but will shed light on how to encourage and inspire more women, from various backgrounds and skill sets, to follow space trajectories, and reach towards the stars.


By: Libby Fenstermacher

Chelsea
Image Credit: C. Whitford
Below is our interview with Chelsea Whitford, a non-traditional adult student currently taking classes at the community college level in preparation for a future astronomy and/or astrophysics degree. Previously, she earned an Associate Degree in Criminal Justice from Suffolk County Community College and a Bachelor's degree in Political Science with a certificate in International Relations from Arizona State University. Chelsea, a mother of three young children, remembers first being inspired by the stars as a young child herself while looking through a telescope at comet Hale-Bopp with her uncle. Now, having found her way back to this original passion, she is a strong advocate for encouraging women of all ages, in any “season” of life, to find a way to follow their dreams in STEM. She believes that a key to attracting and retaining more women in Astronomy and STEM, in general, is to provide a culture, at both the educational and organizational levels, that is supportive and accommodating towards adults with caregiving responsibilities. For her, a positive work-life balance and taking time to pursue one’s goals are the keys to success. Chelsea hopes that by following her own personal trajectory, she can inspire others, both young and adult, to follow theirs. Outside of her educational pursuits, Chelsea enjoys family time, traveling, and sharing her love of the stars with her children.

Watch the video here!


“..we have an 8-year-old and five-year-old twins, (...). And we're always telling them, you know, I believe in you, I believe you can do difficult things and hard things. But I have to remember that I need to lead by example with that and that means knowing and believing in myself. That I can do difficult things too. So, when they see that mom can do difficult things, that gives them encouragement and the courage to say, OK, mom can do it, I can do it.” - Chelsea Whitford


Transcript: Libby Fenstermacher and Chelsea Whitford
Libby: Hi everybody, my name is Libby Fenstermacher, thanks for joining me today. I'm here today with Chelsea and she's going to tell us about her journey in astronomy thus far, being a student and being a woman, and her experiences with that. So, thanks for joining me today, do you want to tell us a little bit about your background?
Chelsea: Hi. Thanks so much for having me. It's a pleasure and it's an honor to be here and chat with you and give my experience. Hopefully, it can maybe give other people encouragement and give a different perspective that maybe others have not considered. So yeah, I'm a non-traditional adult learner. I am also a mom of three young kids and right now a part-time student. Hopefully, in the future, I'll be a full-time student. But right now, with little kiddos, it's difficult to do full-time schooling right now. My background. So right out of high school, I started in college, university. I did one year of traditional four-year, freshman year, entry-level, beginning, and realized I wasn't quite sure what I wanted to do. So, I switched to Community College and then I was working at the same time as a lot of young kids are, and I wound up getting my associate's degree in criminal justice. At that point, I thought maybe I'd want to go into law enforcement or eventually law school, and that was kind of the route I took. But life happened just like it does for so many of us. So, it was years before I finished my degree, my bachelor's, and I wound up doing that and I finished that about 10 years later.
Chelsea & her family
Image Credit: C. Whitford


Chelsea:
My then fiancée, now husband, went into the military, as active-duty Air Force. And so, when I finished my degree, my bachelor's from Arizona State University, it was in political science. And then I became a military spouse for 12 years, which was just a journey in and of itself. So, he just a couple of years ago transitioned out, and at that time of him trying to navigate his transition out of the military, it was my turn to navigate my own transition out of that and out of that world and, out of our scenario of moving every couple of years, which was… I think we did seven moves in 10 years. And with that, it's really hard to oftentimes find your own identity or find and keep up with your own career. So, I did a lot of customer service kind of work. I did student teaching, long-term subbing, and things like that in schools where we were based. And then we had kids. And so, I became a stay-at-home mom for the latter half of that. So, now I’m on my own journey to find and work my way through restarting my career; I’m going back to school, and kind of just navigating that now that he's out.
Libby: Awesome. I'm so excited for you. It’s never too late to go back and follow your passion. And I'm so happy that you get that chance now.
Chelsea: Yeah, you know, that's kind of the thing is that you never know where life is going to take you, and you never know what dreams you may have had when you were younger or things that you really enjoyed, may pop back up, as maybe back then they didn't seem realistic, but you never know. Life is a crazy journey.
Libby: Yeah, I can totally relate. I'm an adult learner myself and decided to go back to school at thirty-three to finish my degree. The world has changed a lot since when we were eighteen, and nineteen as well. So, I'm happy we both now have the chance to focus on our passions in space.
Chelsea: Yeah, absolutely.
Libby: What inspired you to choose astronomy in the first place?
Chelsea: You know, it's funny because I've always liked science and I feel like growing up, you know, back in the 90s, early 2000s, there was very much this idea of that you were either good at like English and history, you liked to read and you liked to write, you could write really well, or you were really good at math and science. And when you met with your career counselors. You know, in high school, they kind of go, OK, what career path do you want to take? Let's take these tests and figure out what suits your personality. And those are great. But I've always had a passion for learning and studying and trying to figure things out. But I never felt that I was good enough, I guess, to kind of go into that realm. And so, I went more of the social sciences aspect because that was, I felt like at that point where my strengths were. But I do remember when I was a kid, I grew up in upstate New York, like really rural upstate New York, kind of by the Canadian border. And we had, we lived in this old farmhouse, and we were, you know, the nearest neighbor was like a mile down the road. And part of what I vividly remember as a kid was my dad would take tarps and lay them out on the field, like overlooking the hills and we would just sit out there. Because it was so dark, you could see all the stars. You could see so many stars. And so, we would sit out there and look for shooting stars. And then I remember also my uncle when Hale-Bopp was around. My uncle had a telescope and I; you know, I think I was 7 or 8 at that time and he had a telescope and he'd get it out and we would look at Hale-Bopp… and so maybe I was like 9. But it was just one of those things that you… just one of those core memories that sticks with you and, I don't know I've always loved science, but I just never felt that I was good enough at it.
Chelsea: And so, I think the other part of that is I grew up in kind of a more conservative community. And in that community, it was often really hard to reconcile, you know, faith and beliefs with science. It always seemed kind of juxtaposed and at odds with one another, and I never really found anyone or found a community to kind of help navigate or reconcile that until I became an adult. And then it was, you know, then you learn to kind of start looking outside the box and realizing that it's OK to ask questions. Even if you have faith, it's OK to ask questions and to kind of delve through that. And so that was something I had [to work through]. I had listened to a few scientists actually a couple of astrophysicists and a couple of organizations that were faith-based, but also believed that faith and science worked together. And then that was kind of my jumping point. I was like, you know what, hey, it's OK to have faith and science work together. And that's something I'm still personally working through and trying to navigate what that looks like for myself, but it doesn't have to be at odds with one another. And, as my husband started to transition out of the military and I happened to just take it for fun, I took an astronomy course online because I've always loved it and I'd taken them before. I took the, you know, astronomy was my science of choice for my freshman year of college way back when… it had been 20 years. And so, I said, you know what, I'm just going to do it for fun. Like, let's figure it out, see what kind of direction I want to go. And then at that point, I was hooked. And after a lot of talking through and a lot of encouragement with my husband and others around me; that said, you know, I was really apprehensive about this, the math and the coding and the, you know, the technology aspect of it, stuff that was just completely foreign to me. And so with that encouragement, it just kind of came along and doors have opened and here I am with you today chatting.
Libby: What a wonderful journey. I went to Catholic school from first through twelfth grade. So, I understand and relate to that juxtaposition and search for that.
Chelsea: Yeah, absolutely. And it makes it hard. It makes it hard, you know when you're not sure what it is you're questioning or what you want answers to, you know, on a kind of more of a deeper level when it's when you don't have those answers or the ability to find out those answers. But you know, it's that journey of saying, OK, it's OK to ask questions.
Libby: What are your aspirations? Where, what do you see yourself doing with astronomy?
Chelsea: You know, I'm still kind of on that journey. It's going. You know, I get asked by family members, oh, how much more school do you have? And all I can say is I have a lot of school left. It's going to take me a long time. I'm trying not to put a time frame on where I have ideas and dreams, but I don't necessarily have, you know, in five years this is what I want to be doing because as a mom and as a wife and having a family, my husband travels for work and so I'm often the sole caretaker for our kids. There are times where I have to be fully immersed in the family side and have to take a back burner to what I'm working on. And so, eventually, I would love to get a doctorate someday. I'm not quite sure in what. I want to study astrophysics, I believe, but I'm not sure what area or avenue yet that I'm interested in. I think I'm feeling that out still and dipping my toes in different areas of study and research that will give me some ideas of what I like and what I don't like or where I want to navigate towards. So yeah, ultimately, you know, it's funny you think about Brian May, the musician who went back to school like 50 years later and finished his PhD. And so it might take me 50 years to finish my PhD, but I'll get there eventually.
Libby: It's for you and no one else, so, it doesn't matter how long it takes.
Chelsea: Exactly.
Libby: What about astronomy excites you?
Chelsea: There's so much unknown I think is what it really is. There's such a vast amount of information that we've learned over the last 100 years but there's so much that is still so unknown and it's a never-ending path of learning and such a cool realm to study. There are things that people don't understand. Even scientists, there are things that they don't understand. But getting to share that with my kids, when we take walks at night or we go stargazing and my kiddos get to look up and have those same experiences that I had as a kid looking at the stars and looking for, shooting stars or watching the moon and looking at the different topography of the moon and just getting to share those experiences with my kids, I think is just such a cool thing as a mom. But I think also seeing women in STEM come up into STEM fields is really cool and it's such an impactful position to be in, I think on a personal level, but also just knowing that I get to be a part of a group of women that in this era, are coming up and doing absolutely incredible and amazing things and contributing. And so, there are so many amazing things about astronomy…
Libby: Overwhelming it is.
Chelsea: It's really hard, especially so early on in my studies and my journey, it's really hard to pick and choose. But I think that just the vastness of our universe… and really on a more philosophical level it kind of gets you down to like… who are we as humans and what's our purpose and then how do we… I don't know it's… yeah… there's so much there's the philosophical part and then back to the scientific research and that's just never-ending, and is always going to be making strides in different areas.
Libby: The philosophical part is what drew me to wanting to work within space as a sociologist in the first place. You know… what is this reality? And my favorite question is, how do you create something out of nothing and how could nothing ever exist? That one I'm waiting for someone to tell me the answer to.
Chelsea: You know, it seems like that's kind of the question, right? I mean it's hard to fathom that. Yeah, it's hard to fathom where we all came from, what the universe came from, and where it started and I think it's interesting too that, science is ever-changing. It's not a stagnant or a static study, it's meant to be changing. You're always meant to be moving forward and learning and growing off of what you know or what you thought you knew and testing to make sure that what you think you knew is correct or not and it's that willingness. Yeah, it's that willingness to move forward and, to constantly come up with new ideas.
Libby: I’m really excited for you and your future path, whatever direction it goes. I'm going to be waiting in the sidelines listening for where you land.
Chelsea: Thank you.
Libby: So, what are you currently working on? Are you taking classes this summer?
Chelsea: My family is in transition right now. My husband, like I said works… he travels for work and so we're in transition right now to hopefully our forever, or at least for the near future home. And so I took a little bit of a break from classes but I've been really excited to… get started again. Actually, my astronomy professor from my school back in Arizona, which is where I was taking classes in the Community College there in the Maricopa Community College system, had attended a seminar or a symposium seminar conference at the beginning of the summer at Chapel Hill, I think NRAO was
Chelsea and a radio telescope
Image Credit: C. Whitford

hosting it, [regarding] radio telescopes and education in classrooms and how do you use astronomy in the classrooms. And so that means that once we get settled in the next couple of weeks, I'm going to jump back into that. Last semester we had done some, I'd done some ... .telescopes… taking images, radio images with a 20-meter telescope out at Green Bank Observatory. And so, we had been working on some coding, trying to look at the Spectra of… I had imaged Andromeda and so I had been working on that and then took a little break. And so hopefully at the end of the summer, as we get settled a little bit more, I'll be able to jump back into working on my images that I took last semester. And then I also… he had told me about NASA having a community of citizen scientists that do exoplanet research called Exoplanet Watch. So, I actually just joined their group maybe a couple of weeks ago.
Libby: How exciting.
Chelsea: Yeah. So, it's really cool. You know there are so many opportunities for even citizens, who are interested in science but don't necessarily want to jump into it as a full-time career but want to have a little bit of a contribution. There are opportunities for people to just get involved. And so, I started that and then we'll see. There are a couple of other projects that I'm hoping to kind of jump into doing some vetting maybe with test research, the test data looking for exoplanets. We'll see. Just trying to work on some of those projects while I can in my free time and then hopefully in the fall I'll start getting back into the math. I started over when I went back to school because I hadn't done math and sciences in 20 years.
Libby: I had to do the same thing. Chelsea: So, I started all over and started, literally from I think it was like high school algebra and then slowly started working my way up and so, I've got to start jumping into the calc 123, all that kind of stuff. So that's where I'm at right now, jumping into the math. I'm a little nervous about it. I'm a little apprehensive, but we'll get there.
Libby: You're going to do great. Just take it slow. They say the best mathematicians are the ones that take the longest to do it.
Chelsea: So, that's the biggest thing I think I've learned, is that it just takes practice. I think that's one of those ideas that science is this exclusive community of geniuses. And absolutely, there are people that are absolute rock stars and geniuses, but there are people that just work really hard and may not do well in school and just keep going and failed classes and they're not straight A students and… you just keep pressing forward and it's just a lot of practice and humility and keeping on going... keeping on chugging.
Libby: Yeah, practice and passion.
Chelsea: Yeah, exactly.
Libby: What advice would you give to someone considering a trajectory similar to yours?
Chelsea: To not be afraid, I think. Don't doubt yourself. It's funny, I'm always having these conversations with my kids when they complain or say I can't do this mommy, we have an eight-year-old, and five-year-old twins, and they're in that learning phase of doing things on their own and figuring out what they're capable of. And we're always telling them, I believe in you, I believe you can do difficult things and hard things. But I have to remember that I need to lead by example with that and that means knowing and believing in myself. That I can do difficult things too. So, when they see that mom can do difficult things, that gives them encouragement and the courage to say, OK, mom can do it, I can do it. So, I think not being afraid to jump in and know that you're not going to know everything. It's going to take time; you'll never know everything. You know, in science again, it's always changing, and you will never know everything. And I think that was something that I was apprehensive about, was not being good enough or not knowing enough to find my footing or find my place. And I think another aspect of that is knowing how to advocate for yourself. I think that comes with life experience. Which is why honestly now that I'm older and on this journey as an adult and am someone who has gone through different phases of life, that's something that I think I can really appreciate, in comparison to some of my younger peers and colleagues who are in the same position, just starting off, but are much younger and haven't had the same kind of life experiences that I've had. That is, learning how to advocate for yourself and that it is OK to advocate.
And also know your limits as well. This summer, I was thinking about taking a math class and my husband said, we've got a lot going on. You might think about that because you want to make sure you're taking advantage of, you know, that you're actually focused on it and learning. And so, knowing when to set your boundaries. And again, that's something that I'm always trying to teach my kids or remind my kids is, it's OK to have boundaries. It's OK to know what your own limits are. And then again, don't be afraid to advocate for yourself if you need something or if you have questions or even just reaching out to professors.
And one of the big things that I've learned in just watching or reading about other people in similar science fields is not being afraid to jump at an opportunity that you may not think you're worthy of having or that you don't have the experience to do, because you are going to learn something even if it's not what you thought. You never know if you will have that opportunity again, but you might just be the perfect person for that opportunity at that time and that's something. You know, that was kind of something that I wasn't quite sure about doing when I first started my classes. That was something I was really apprehensive about saying in the back of my mind. I would even talk to my astronomy professor about it and say, I'm too old to do this. I don't belong in this young group of kids that are doing all these amazing things.
Chelsea in front of the NASA logo
Image Credit: C. Whitford


But, for example, NASA has a program that is called NCAS and it's for community college students who are interested in STEM and math. It's a three-mission scenario where the first mission was where we learned about the history of NASA, and we had to study all the directorates and their purposes and the centers. And then the second mission was getting to work virtually with a team and come up with a moon Rover. Our project is coming up with a Rover for, moon or lunar reconnaissance. And that was a phenomenal opportunity because we got to sit in and work with JPL engineers and NASA engineers, you know, virtually and then. Mission three, I don't know if they're still doing it in person anymore, but when I did it last summer, if you got selected for mission three, you actually spent a week at a NASA site working and learning alongside aeronautics. Yeah, at least our team. I was at Armstrong at Edwards Air Force Base, but it was, you know, coming up with a project and then presenting in front of NASA engineers your ideas. And so when we were introduced to the idea of it in our astronomy class, a year or two years ago…I want to say I was really apprehensive about it. And I said this is not, this is for the younger kids, like let them go, have the opportunities, you know. But then after talking to my husband and my professors and some of my peers, they said, you know what, you're just as much a student as everyone else and you need to do this and, don't forget, to advocate for yourself. If you don't jump at these, these opportunities aren't going to just come to you. You need to jump at them. And so, I think, you know, just not being afraid to try things that you might not necessarily give yourself credit for or might be nervous to do. Just go for it.
Libby: We all deserve these experiences anytime in our lives. So that's great. I'm so happy that you had the courage to reach out for it and grab it. Chelsea: Yeah, it's one of those things that is not just in your studies, it teaches you how to advocate in other aspects of your life. You know, as a parent, we're always advocating for our kids and it teaches you how to have the strength to do that, in different areas of your life. And you become a really great role model for your kids through advocating for yourself as well. Libby: Yeah, absolutely. Did you receive any mentorship yourself along your path? And if so, what would you say is the most important guidance that you've garnered? Chelsea: You know, yeah, I have. I actually had a couple of amazing professors that I'm so thankful for and it was with my two astronomy classes, Dr. Kevin Healy and Dr. Melissa Bunte at Mesa Community College. If anyone's going to Maricopa County Community School, I would absolutely, hands down, recommend either of them. And then one of my math professors, Dr. Professor Sylvia Llamas Flores at Chandler-Gilbert. I was very apprehensive about the math, and I went in saying, I don't know if I can do this. And I actually wound up taking her for two semesters because she was so great and just so encouraging. And so having those professors, at least for me, was a huge part of it. Having people that are willing to teach you and find your value in what you can share, even if you're just at the beginning of your journey. Doctor Healy has been an amazing mentor in giving me chances and opportunities to throw out ideas of, hey, what do you think about me doing this project or researching this aspect? Even if it's not his specialty, he's been along for the ride and said, hey, you know what, yeah, absolutely. I'm here if you have questions. And so yeah, I think it's given me the opportunity again to find my place and develop that confidence and having people that are willing to find and invest their time and their energy into you as a person.
Chelsea: And also understanding. You know, for me as a mom, knowing that my priority is my kids and my family, and that sometimes that has to come first. A lot of times that has to come first. Finding those mentors and those people that are in the field who are willing to understand and to work with you is really important because if they don't understand where you're at, then it's not going to work. That cohesion of learning from each other, because they're learning from us just as much as we're learning from them, you know, people that have been in the field a really long time. And so having that cohesiveness and that understanding was imperative, and was important for me from the get-go. And that was something Doctor Healy said the first time I took his class. I emailed him, and I said, hey professor… you know again advocating for yourself. I asked if the lab would go longer than the times that were slotted for, in the daily schedules in the syllabus and things like that because, I had to pick up my daughter from school and it was a half-hour drive. So, having that understanding from the professors was imperative. And then that support as an adult learner, that understanding that you bring a different view and perspective was just really, really important. And I'm so thankful it's given me such amazing opportunities just to find my own footing and interests that may not necessarily just be in the syllabus for the class, giving me that opportunity to push outside the box a little bit.
Libby: That's awesome. Hats off to your professors for being so progressive and on top of it and role models for the rest of the astronomical community. That's really wonderful to hear.
Libby: What, if any, changes would you like to see for women in astronomy?
Chelsea: I think in education and academia as a whole, understanding that we're not all in the same seasons of life. I think a lot of someone like myself who is starting into this career late when my kids are still little. My ability to focus only on my schooling is not something that I'm able to do. It's a balance. Finding that work-life balance. But it's also important to have people who understand that if I miss a class or if I need to zoom in to the class because my kid is sick and I can't take them to the babysitter or whatever the case is, something like that. You know not just for women, but as parents in general, that's something I think is really important and it's that season of life where I'm in and so I'm able to empathize with other parents that are in similar situations and advocate again for those kinds of changes in academia, in the work environment and then understanding, you know, that single parents, oh man, hats off to single parents. When my husband travels and I'm the sole caregiver, though I might be the sole caregiver for that time frame, I still have him as my advocate and he's in the back seat helping me out, and when he comes home then you know we're a team again and it just continues. But those single parents out there, I don't know, I have so much respect and so much appreciation for their ability to do what they do and sacrifice the way that they do. So, I think having that understanding for those single parents is a really important thing and giving them the same kinds of opportunities. I think there's been a lot of really good changes for women, but at the same time, there's always more that can be done. I think about this one time I was listening to a Zoom call that had been on YouTube, and it was one of the academic societies out there that was doing a talk on something. And I don't remember the specifics of it, but I remember I had to pause it because one of the kids came in, and when I paused it, the screen, you know, it was on zoom and so they have different blocks of faces, and there's probably twenty or thirty people on the blocks on their pictures were up there and it was all older white men that were on the screen. And I'd had those discussions, with my professors previously. And at different times just about how the changes that have happened over the years, things like the double-blind board selections for telescope time and things like that, but it just was one of those cemented moments of, Oh my goodness, OK this really is a thing where it's older white men that kind of encompass much of science and much of the research opportunities. And I find it really encouraging to see other women that are in STEM fields, (...) people of different backgrounds and cultures and ethnicities and races and genders and religions and it's just really important, to have all of that in in the realms of science, to represent the people that are in the community and give them voices and opportunities.
Libby: Yeah, absolutely. And to bring more people into the community too, so, they know that they have allies and it's not just that you're sticking out in that Zoom call as the one woman.
Chelsea: Exactly. Exactly, yeah.
Libby: Speaking of media, what is your favorite TV show or movie?
Chelsea: Oh, you know, we don't watch a ton of TV. When we do, my family, my kids included… we love Expedition Unknown. We love that show. I love that he goes to all these different places. My husband and I have had a really good chance to travel the world and have a lot of different experiences and see a lot of different cultures and things. And so, I love getting to see when he goes to all these different places. And my daughter loves the history aspect of it, you know, especially like the Egyptian… when he goes to the tombs and the pyramids and all that kind of stuff. So, we watch a lot of that kind of stuff. Even it might be as kind of cheesy, but it's fine. And then as a kid, this probably should have been a precursor for, you know, like a, hey, hey, come on, this is what you're going to do eventually. But I remember as a kid watching Contact with Jodie Foster and Matthew McConaughey and being like, this is the best movie ever.
Libby: Another one of my interviewees said the same thing. So, we have two for Contact now.
Chelsea: Oh my gosh. Well, you know, it should have it. I loved the fact that there's Arecibo and the VLA in it, and I've actually gotten to see both of those. I got to go see Arecibo before it collapsed and to see the amazing technology that it was, it's just really cool. (...) Those are the two places that I've always wanted to go and, to have that recollection of being like, oh, Jodie Foster was here... And then I think, (...) Interstellar, that's another, you know, more modern classic. I think it was just such a great movie and, the soundtrack was amazing with Hans Zimmer. And yeah, such a fantastic movie.
Libby: Yeah, the soundtrack to that is incredible. I put it on Spotify sometimes. It's so good.
Chelsea: I do too. It is. And it's funny cause, some people say they have to study in like complete silence and some people have to have a TV show going on. I listen to music too. Either piano music or classical, but I have to have some sort of instrumentation or instrumental music going on in the background.
Libby: We'll have to share Spotify lists. I do the same thing. Helps me focus.
Chelsea: Yeah, same.
Libby: Yeah. I love a good swelling soundtrack score.
Chelsea: Yeah, exactly. It does. It keeps me focused.
Libby: Your cat has been joining us this entire interview and it's been just a pleasure.
Chelsea: Oliver.
Libby: I feel like I should have asked him a question.
Chelsea: He's just having fun enjoying the sun.
Libby: I love it. Is there anything else that you would like to share before we get off our interview today?
Chelsea: I don't think so. I appreciate this. Thank you so much for having me. This has been such a pleasure. And I just hope that maybe, even though I'm very early on in my journey, in my career and aspirations, I just hope that it helps other people that might be apprehensive like I was to jump into something that they might not think that they're capable of doing. Because again, like I tell my kids, we are capable of doing difficult things and it's just learning to take the good or the bad and know that it's going to be hard but that as more of us jump into these positions, especially as a woman and as a mom and I just hope that those of us that are out there and in these spots and in these places can use our voices to kind of bring others along with us and encourage other women and other people that are in different seasons of their lives who might be hesitant to do it, to just say, you know what? We only have one life, at least I think we do. I don't know, who knows, but you know, just, just do it. And yeah, you can always, if you don't love it, then you can always change, but you'll always have that kind of, notion in the back of your brain that says, oh, I don't know, maybe I should have done it if you don't. And so there are more of us out there than you think who are going along this journey too and paving the way. There are people that have gone, women that have gone before us, and women that will come up behind us. And so it's just a great feeling to be a part of that community.
Libby: Awesome. Well, thank you so much for joining me for this. I feel inspired. I'm about ready to go down to Community College to get myself some astronomy classes.
Chelsea: That's the one thing I will say is that I think there's this notion that you have to go big, and, you have to start at the four year or you have to go to these huge schools, which of course, you know, there's benefits to both. But that's not always the case. That's not always the reality for a lot of people. And I would never discount community colleges for anyone. And there's several astronomers and astrophysicists, there are PhD candidates that, I follow on social media that have kind of had that same route of starting off at Community School, and for a lot of people, they don't have the option of going to a four-year. And again, my journey has, I went to community and then four,-year and now back at community and there is such value in community colleges. And I think, you know, when you asked about… that's probably something I should have mentioned in academia, what would you change, is that I would love to see that the community colleges get more support for undergrad research and undergrad opportunities and as being a gateway to these bigger universities that a lot of people don't always have access to right out the gate. So don't underestimate Community College because there are a lot of professors that are willing and wanting to share their time and their resources and give students opportunities that they might not have.
Libby: Absolutely. Community College is a wonderful step. I did it myself and the professors tend to have more time to work with you. And so if there's anybody watching this that feels hesitant about taking that first step, that's a really great place to start.
Chelsea: So absolutely. And they have connections too. You know, they've gone through the whole gamut of classes and degrees and experiences as well. And so that's a great way to just get started. And if you're not sure about it and you're not sure that this is something, you know, whatever it is that you're studying is something that you want to do for the long term. That's a great way to kind of jump in and test out the waters first and see what resources are out there and then decide from there.
Libby: Awesome.
Chelsea: Well, you are too. Thank you for doing this. I'm so excited to hear, you know, all the different interviews and read everyone's experiences and connect with other people. So, thank you for doing this. This is amazing.
Libby: Absolutely. I will make sure to stay in touch with you and find out where you've landed on your journey. Chelsea: Same. Same here.
Libby: Bye.
Chelsea: Thanks. Bye.

Thursday, December 5, 2024

Cross-post: Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil chases dwarf galaxies

By Toni Feder, for Physics Today


She navigated barriers in Turkey and the US to become an astronomy professor.

picture of Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil
Credit: IF/THEN® Collection



Write an essay on your ideal person. That assignment in middle school set Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil on the path to becoming a scientist. Wondering who the “cleverest person in the world” was, she started reading about Albert Einstein and his science. She became especially interested in astronomy.

That interest took Mutlu-Pakdil from Istanbul, Turkey, where she grew up, to the country’s capital city of Ankara for her bachelor’s degree. She earned her PhD from the University of Minnesota in 2017. An unusual galaxy she studied as a PhD student is informally named after her. Today she is an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. An observational astronomer, she studies tiny, faint dwarf galaxies; she hopes they will reveal secrets about dark matter.


Read more at

Tuesday, November 26, 2024

Resources for Astronomers Seeking Academic Jobs

Eds note: November is National Career Development Month, an annual observance dedicated to highlighting the importance of career development and planning. This month, we will post relevant articles related to career development in Astronomy, Planetary Science, Physics, and science in general.


By Floor Broekgaarden


Today’s post is by Dr. Floor Broekgaarden. Dr. Broekgaarden is an Assistant Professor in the Astronomy department at UC San Diego in La Jolla, California. She joined this department in fall 2024 and will be building a research group in Gravitational Wave Paleontology. She enjoys spending time and energy doing several other things for the Astronomy Community including initiating a group to support early-career astronomers. Below she shares her compiled resources with our readers.



Early-career astronomers have to learn to navigate an academic system in permanent evolution. Demystifying the academic job market and securing the next internship or job can be particularly challenging. Many resources for astronomers exist online that have been created by fantastic organizations and people to help understand and demystify many aspects of the process (e.g., where to find jobs, how to write application material, what to expect for interviews, negotiations,.. etc. etc.). 

I created an overview of many of these resources, which you can find in the following links: 


- Astronomy Workshop recordings (recorded workshops on academic skills such as networking, writing, applying for jobs, mental health etc.)



Eds Note: The AAS Committee on Employment has also shared resources (as of October 2023) to help you search for jobs and hire! Also check out the CSWA’s resource page.



Thursday, November 21, 2024

Nat'l Career Development Month - Part 2

Eds note: November is National Career Development Month, an annual observance dedicated to highlighting the importance of career development and planning. This month, we will post relevant articles related to career development in Astronomy, Planetary Science, Physics, and science in general.


Crosspost: How can I break into industry if my CV keeps disappearing into a black hole?

By Miles Lizak

"I’m a postdoc reaching the end of my second two-year contract at a European university. I want to transfer from academia to industry so that I can find some stability and a better work–life balance.

resumes and CVs falling into a black hole
Image credit: cryptojobslist.com
I’ve been looking for a research project-management or data-analysis position ... But I keep receiving impersonal, early-stage rejections (or no response at all) even for positions for which I was sure I had a chance. I’m worried that my CV is getting filtered out by scanning software because of my lack of industry experience, and that it never even gets to a real person.

What can I do to get noticed for these positions? How can I transition out of academia if all the industry jobs want industry experience?"


Nature spoke to three experts to help answer your question, and they said that what you’re experiencing is a common frustration when trying to make the leap from academia to industry. If you feel as if you’re shooting your CV into a black hole again and again without a meaningful response, you should shift your approach. 

Read more at



More information:

Tuesday, November 19, 2024

Space for Students - Part 2

In our popular Career Profile series the AAS Committee on the Status of Women in Astronomy has compiled dozens of interviews highlighting the diversity of career trajectories available to astronomers, planetary scientists, and those in related fields. 

In a twist on this series, we video-interviewed students in astronomy and astrophysics to highlight their personal and academic career paths. The purpose of this series is three-fold. It aims not only to give a voice and exposure to those who are up and coming in the field but also to give feedback to the Astronomical community at large about the experiences of students who identify as women. The hope is that these interviews will not only share advice and lessons learned but will shed light on how to encourage and inspire more women, from various backgrounds and skill sets, to follow space trajectories, and reach towards the stars.


By: Libby Fenstermacher


Below is our interview with Latika Joshi, a senior undergraduate Physics and Astronomy major at Mt. Holyoke College in Massachusetts, as of Fall 2024. Latika found her path to the stars after being inspired at the age of nine by the movie Interstellar. Taking notice of this newfound passion, her parents quickly signed them all up for the local astronomy club and fervently supported her inquisitive nature. Now, flash forward to the present day, Latika has a foothold in many areas of astronomical research and outreach. Currently, there are two main areas on which she has her focus: gravitational waves and Mars’ trojan objects. This past summer, Latika worked at the MIT LIGO lab in Cambridge, MA, where she participated in a research project concerning the detection of simulated gravitational wave pipelines via a machine learning platform. As well, she has also been working with her Mt. Holyoke mentor, Professor Thomas Burbine, on research regarding the probability of the origins of Mars trojans, a group of objects that share the orbit of the planet Mars around the Sun. Latika currently has a paper in review related to this work. Outside of academics and astronomy, Latika enjoys swimming, playing the piano, and dancing. Notably, she received a diploma in the Indian classical dance Kathak from the National Institute of Kathak Dance in New Delhi, India in 2020, after ten years of training. 

Watch the video!


“The more I read about astronomy and the folks who've contributed to it, the more I realize 
that women's achievements have been downplayed for a very long time. So really recognizing 
that is very important, you know, because it's important to note that even though this is the 
21st century, there is still a big gender gap in this field. And so there might be young girls who 
would think that, ‘oh well, I like astronomy, but there aren't a lot of people like me in this field, so 
I don't want to continue going…’ But if we start recognizing the achievements of women in this field, 
well, then they would see those women and think, but she did it so I can do it.” - Latika Joshi

Transcript: Libby Fenstermacher and Latika Joshi

Libby: Hi everybody. My name is Libby Fenstermacher and today I'm here with Latika and she's going to tell us a little bit about her background with astronomy and her experiences with being a woman and a student in astronomy. Thank you so much for joining me today. Do you want to share a little bit about your background?

Latika: Yeah. I'm Latika. I'm from India. I was born and raised in India, and I came to the US in August of 2021 to pursue an undergraduate degree in physics and astronomy. I am a rising senior at Mount Holyoke College, which is a historically women's College located in South Hadley, Massachusetts. So, at my college, I am actively involved in the physics and astronomy departments. I served as the secretary of our SPS chapter, the Society of Physics Student chapter the past one year and I will be moving on to serve as the Co-president in the upcoming year. We recently founded an astronomy club, and I am fortunate to be the president of that astronomy club. Our college also has a historic observatory, the Williston Observatory, which was built in 1881, and it has the infamous Clark Telescope built by the famous telescope maker Alvin Clark. And I often volunteer at open houses. We love to have open houses during the academic year there. And you know, outside of academics, I enjoy swimming, playing the piano, and dancing. I'm not on the varsity swim team at my college, but I used to do competitive swimming for eight years and I loved every bit of it. And a fun fact about me, I have a diploma in an Indian classical dance called Kathak. I was trained in it for 10 years and I got my diploma in 2020.

Libby: Wow, that's amazing! What inspired you to choose a path in astronomy and astrophysics in the 1st place?

Latika: So, my journey in astronomy began back in 2014 when I was nine years old, and I watched Interstellar for the first time. So, Interstellar was not my first science fiction movie. You know, I'd seen Star Wars, but I had never really been introduced to the universe before in a movie. Like, because through Interstellar, I remember the first time I watched it, I saw what a black hole was. I saw what a spaceship was, what an astronaut was, and what NASA was, I just had never heard of these things before. And I remember watching that movie and just being left so amazed by how fast and mysterious the universe is. 

Latika: So, I remember coming back home and that night looking at the night sky, because I wasn't one to really look at the night sky. I was not really into astronomy. It was just not something we were taught at school. I mean, I knew about the solar system. I knew about the moon landing, but, you know, they don't really teach us that at school. So, I wasn't really one to look at the stars or, like, find which planet is there in the night sky. But I remember that night after watching the movie, just gazing at the night sky and being left amazed by how beautiful it is. And so, I started borrowing books from a local library and just reading about the different planets. Nothing too complicated, just the different planets, what's in our solar system. You know, things like the Kuiper belt that exists in the outer part of our solar system. I'd never heard of that. And the more I read, the more I was just so fascinated, and I wanted to know what is out there. And my parents sort of noticed that I was beginning to develop this passion in astronomy. So, we all joined this local astronomy club in Delhi where I grew up. And we would go to weekly lectures that were given by physicists and astronomers who had way more knowledge than us, you know, learning bit by bit about what is there in the universe. I remember attending this really cool telescope-making workshop. It was just, it was just so amazing. But oh my gosh. You can actually build these kinds of things like you don't have to be some well-educated engineer with a PhD. It was just so amazing. 

Latika: And in 9th grade, which is April of 2017, I went to my first stargazing event. The club used to do multiple stargazing events and my father, and I went to the outskirts of Delhi, and this is the first time I looked through a telescope. So, before I had always looked at stars and planets through a pair of really, really old pairs of binoculars that my dad owned. Like he owned that since he was 10 years old. So, they've been around for like a good 40 years. They were definitely, they definitely were not of good quality. So, I looked through a telescope for the first time and I looked at Saturn. And I remember just
Alvan Clark Telescope at Mt. Holyoke.
Image Credit: Latika Joshi.

feeling so amazed, like, wow, I am looking at Saturn the way it is right now at this very moment. And I remember it was like spinning so fast. You know, it was out of the line of sight in like 2-3 seconds, and we had to readjust the telescope. But it was just such an amazing feeling, you know? And I sort of knew then that this is what I want to do in college, in my life. And yeah, I have. Loved astronomy since then.

Libby: Oh, so inspirational. I remember that feeling of looking through a telescope for the first time. It was Jupiter for me and just amazing. So, what are your aspirations with astronomy and astrophysics?

Latika: Yeah, so I am very much interested in doing research, you know, building that up as my career. I'm currently doing research on gravitational waves, and you know, I just hope to be able to meaningfully contribute to this research in the future. There are some other cool topics that I'm interested in, like studying black holes or trying to find the existence of dark energy and dark matter. So, I really hope to be in a position someday in the future where I can, you know, work with this, do research in this. Likewise, I also enjoy teaching. You know, back in high school, I used to teach at a local NGO. I would teach like students who were in first, and second grade, basic English, math, and science. But it was just so fun teaching them, helping them out. And I do want to be in a position someday in the future where I can teach and hopefully inspire the younger generation.

Libby: Well, you're doing that right now with this blog post. And, you're going to be great at whatever you end up doing with your path. But what are you currently working on?

Latika: This summer I am working at the MIT LIGO lab in Cambridge. LIGO stands for Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory. It's simply an observatory that works towards detecting gravitational waves. So, gravitational waves are simply created as a result of the collision of two massive objects in the universe. Think of two neutron stars colliding or two black holes colliding. They will emit energy, and that energy is emitted in the form of these gravitational waves, which are simply ripples like…Ripples that are created when you throw a pebble into a pond, and it creates ripples. That's exactly what gravitational waves are. And because of the highly advanced instruments that we have, which is called an interferometer, which is the eye in LIGO, we can detect these gravitational waves. So back in 2015, there was this very, very groundbreaking detection of the very first gravitational waves that were detected from. The collision of two black holes, 1.3 billion light years away. And this detection proved what Einstein had theorized about gravitational waves back in 1915. So, it's some really cool, amazing work that we're able to do. And since 2015, we've definitely detected a lot more gravitational waves from. Different objects like neutron stars or gravitational waves between neutron stars and black holes, like really cool stuff. And now we're advancing to using machine learning in this project. So, for the summer I'm working with a team of folks who are using machine learning to create this model that will simulate gravitational wave bursts from different pipelines and localize them. What that means is a lot of big words I can, I can explain.

Libby: Oh it’s just that, that's so exciting.

Latika: Yeah, yeah, it's really cool stuff. What we're doing with pipelines. Think of pipelines as like different channels, for example, the TV, has all these different channels, different networks that are broadcasting their TV. So, think of the different channels as the pipelines in your TV as your night sky. So, these different pipelines are picking up that gravitational wave burst from the sky. In this case, it's not actually the sky, it's just simulation and it's mapping that, localizing that, basically pointing out from what part of the sky that gravitational wave burst came. And because we have these different pipelines and these different channels that are picking up the gravitational waves, we want to make sure they are efficiently working. So that's sort of the whole purpose of creating this machine learning model. So that is, that is one project that I am currently working on.

Latika: I'm also doing a more planetary science project on the side. So, for the last one year, I have been working with a professor from Mount Holyoke College, Thomas Burbine, on this very cool project where we're looking at Mars Trojans and trying to possibly determine their origin. So, Mars Trojans are simply asteroids that are revolving around Mars, and we don't really know where they came from. The most obvious solution that one could think of is, well, they probably came from Mars. You know, it's quite possible a high-impact event took place and as a result of that, rocks were ejected out from the surface of Mars, and they got caught in the planet's gravity and they're just revolving around it. But it's also quite possible that there were asteroids that were just traveling through space, and they happened to pass by Mars, and they got caught in its gravity. So, we don't really know where they came from. We don't know their origins. So, Thomas and I were trying to use what is called the chi-square statistical technique. To determine what the possible origins could be. And well, our results show that all pointed towards Mars. But you know, this is not definitive, the chi-square technique. It's one tool, but it's not fully reliable, especially because in today's world, we are now able to use machine learning to create models to do a lot of work. So, this was one thing that Thomas and I did, and I wrote a paper and it is currently under peer review.

Libby: Congratulations

Latika: Thank you. But now this summer we are working on the second part of this project, which is basically to use machine learning to determine the origins of these Mars Trojans. So, these are the very two cool summer projects I'm working on.

Libby: That's such a unique use of chi-square. As a sociologist, you know, I’ve used it within my work. But yeah, I never thought about using it in that way. So that's really, really exciting.

Libby: Speaking of exciting, what about astronomy excites you?

Latika: There is so much, so much out there that we don't know. I'm just so amazed by how vast our universe is and how complex it is and that there's just so much left to be discovered. You know, we know so little about this universe that we live in. There are phenomena out there waiting for us to discover them. And for me, it's just. It's so thrilling, so exciting to know that I am part of something where we can really find out what is out there, and discover these things. So, for me to be given this opportunity to find these unknowns, it's just so thrilling. It just makes me so happy, so happy every single day. 

Libby: I'm so happy for you and I want you to keep me in the loop of everything you discover along your way. So, let's see, you already told me about what you're currently working on. So, your future plans, what are they, and where do you see yourself?

Latika: Yeah, I definitely hope to pursue a PhD in either astronomy or astrophysics or physics. And so, I'll be applying to PhD programs in September this year. I very much enjoy the research that I'm doing with gravitational waves. So, you know, I do see myself continuing this research somewhere in the future. And as I mentioned before, I love teaching. It's just so fun.

Libby: It is so fun.

Latika: So, you know, if in the future, say I were to get into a PhD program, I would love to teach college students or like. A little far into the future. Once I have a degree, I would also love to teach science to, you know, little kids. 

Libby: It's so fun and inspiring. Yeah, I work as a graduate assistant teacher and I absolutely love it. I love grading. I love giving advice. It's just so rewarding. And I can tell that you'll succeed at that if that's the direction that you end up going.

Libby: So, what advice would you give to someone looking at a trajectory similar to yours?

Latika: Yeah, so well, first and foremost, I believe in this field, in a scientific field, it's very important to be passionate about your interests and really stay curious, especially because there are like so many times when you'll fumble or you'll, you know, face some sort of obstacle. You're stuck, you're getting frustrated, and annoyed. But if that passion is there, you know that will sort of keep you going. And I can say from first-hand experience that happened so many times, but I just love wanting to know more of what is out there. And so, I can tell myself that I can keep going. So definitely be passionate, be curious. I also believe it's very important to take advantage of every opportunity that is out there to learn, to gain hands-on experience, whether it's through research projects or TA ship positions. You know, this is a very good way to build, like all sorts of skills that will be useful in the future and really see the behind-the-scenes work. 

Latika: I also believe it's very important to build a strong network of mentors and peers. And I know that can be difficult for some folks. That was very difficult for me. Like, I hesitated to, like, talk to my classmates. I hesitated to go to office hours or like, ask professors questions because I am naturally a very shy person. Back in high school, my teachers always complained to my parents that she's so smart, but she doesn't talk. So that was my weakness. But you know, it's scary. It's scary. You're putting yourself out there. You're taking that first initiative, but just do it because these are the people who will be there for you, who will guide you and you want to build that network of mentors and peers. And I also believe it's very important to seek help when you're facing challenges. You know, just say it. I am stuck. I need help. Especially because we're college students, we're not expected to know everything. You know we are in the learning stage in our lives and our professors know that people we're doing research with know that, our peers know that. So don't be afraid to ask for help and be open to new experiences. For me, working at MIT this summer is a very new experience because this is the first time in three years that I'm really working off campus. So, to be in this new city with these new people, and my peers here at MIT are mostly just graduate students and research scientists. So, to be in this new environment, it was a little nervous, but I got used to it. I met some really cool people. So be open to new experiences.

Libby: Yeah, we're all on this rock together. We're all on the same journey. You know, let's. Let's figure it out together. That's awesome. That's great advice. 

Libby: Speaking of mentorship, what mentorship did you receive along your path? And can you share any advice that you've garnered?

Latika: Yeah. So, I feel very fortunate to have met some amazing people at Mount Holyoke, some amazing professors and peers. And Thomas, Thomas Burbine, with whom I'm doing my project in planet race science. He's given me some really great advice. So, Thomas has known me since my very first semester at Mount Holyoke, and he's seen me grow inside the classroom, outside the classroom, and he's really taught me the importance of perseverance and resilience, whatever work you're doing because it is natural to face setbacks. It is natural to face challenges. But what's important is you keep going no matter how hard it is. You might have one bad day; you might have 10 bad days. I hope not, but it's quite possible you might have a bad day. You know, it just happens. But you have to keep going because the reward is going to be so sweet. You’re going to feel so good at the end of it. So, it's very important to persevere. 

Latika: I also learned from a lot of the physics professors at Mount Holyoke that collaboration is so important. And not just in research, but also in the classroom. That was something that was very new to me because growing up in India, I always worked by myself. I did homework by myself. I was by myself in school. I didn't really work with other students or seek help from others. So, to me, when I started taking my first few physics classes and the professor said, you know, you should join study groups, I thought that was so strange. Why would you work like that? Why? But then I joined one and I realized, oh my gosh, this is, this is so important because when you collaborate with each other, you're getting different perspectives on everything. And that improves problem-solving. You know, everyone's bringing something new to the table and it just makes everything easier. You get a new and a better perspective, on what you're looking at. 

Libby: Absolutely, diversity is 100% key because we all come from our different realities, and we all have different things to share and things to add.

Libby: What, if any, changes would you like to see for women in astronomy?

Latika: Yeah, I definitely would want to see an increased representation and support for women in astronomy. This could be through more funding and opportunities for women-led research projects, or even starting mentorship programs that are specifically designed to help women at different stages in their career. And I think this is very important because when I was part of my college's APS IDEA committee, I learned a lot that I did not know about women in this field. So, APS IDEA is the Inclusion, Diversity, and Equity Alliance of APS, the American Physical Society. I was the student representative on that committee and the rest of the committee comprised of the physics faculty. And that was sort of my first time really seeing how the gender gap was so big in this field, how there are so few women that will get a PhD like it was… it was eye-opening. 

Latika: And one of the things that made me want to do was start a mentorship program at Mount Holyoke. So, Mount Holyoke is a historically women's college. So, you know, we may not necessarily face the gender bias that you would face at a co-ed institution, but I also felt it was important. That women in a historically women's college feel supported in this institution and that they feel prepared for academic institutions that may look and feel slightly different. So, we started that mentorship program, and it was a great success. So, I really feel strongly about creating mentorship programs for women in different stages of their career.

Latika: I also think it's very important to recognize the achievements of women in this field. The more I read about astronomy and the folks who've contributed to it, the more I realize that women's achievements have been downplayed for a very long time. So really recognizing that is very important, you know, because it's important to note that even though this is the 21st century, there is still a big gender gap in this field. And so there might be young girls who would think that, oh well, I like astronomy, but there aren't a lot of people like me in this field, so I don't want to continue going in. But if we start recognizing the achievements of women in this field, well, then they would see those women and think, but she did it so I can do it. So, it's very important to recognize the achievements of women in this field.

Libby: Yeah, absolutely. If you, if you can see it, you can be it.

Latika: Exactly. Yeah.

Libby: Speaking of representation, I'm just segueing myself today. What is your favorite movie TV show slash TV show?

Latika: Well, Interstellar used to be my favorite movie for a very long time. I've watched it four times and I loved it every single time. However, I watched Contact. I don't know how many people have heard of Contact, but the movie was released in 1997 and stars Jodie Foster and Matthew McConaughey.

Libby: I have seen that. I couldn't recall it, but now I'm going to have to watch it tonight.

Latika: Yeah, yeah. I saw it for the first time in two years. I'd never heard of that movie, but I saw it two years ago and I just loved it. I have rewatched it. I usually rewatch it a couple of…every couple of months, just cause I love that movie, because I'm just so amazed by how it explores the intersection of science and faith and the search for extraterrestrial life and the way the movie portrays the sort of dedication and perseverance that's required in scientific research, which is very evident in Jodie Foster's character. It's just, it's so inspiring. Like the first time I watched that movie, I remember just envisioning myself and her like, wow. Wow. It's an amazing movie. Yeah. Wow.

Libby: Oh, my goodness. OK, so that is. I'm putting that on tonight and I'll let you know how it is later. Is there anything else that you want to share before we go? 

Latika: Yeah, yeah, absolutely. You know, I feel so grateful. To have this opportunity, this platform, to share my journey and my aspirations with you, I want to take a moment to recognize the Committee on the Status of Women in Astronomy for the amazing work that they are doing to support and promote women in this field. You know, their work is so impactful and significant, not only for women today but also for women and young girls to come in the future. And I just feel so honored to be part of their initiative. And thank you to you, Libby, for recognizing and celebrating the contributions of women in the field of astronomy. Thank you.

Libby: Absolutely. Thank you so much. And thank you for doing this interview. This has been fabulous. And I can't wait to share your story with the world. It's been amazing. Have a good one.

Latika: You too.

Libby: Bye.